Abstract

Citarum River is the longest river in West Java Province, it is utilized for various anthropogenic activities that will affect the water quality, ecological state, and parameters of nitrates and phosphates in the waters of Citarum River. Nitrate and phosphate content can affect Phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton is a bioindicator to determine water quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the association of nitrates and phosphates with the abundance of phytoplankton and determine the quality of water in the Citarum River. The study began in August 2020 until September 2020. The research uses a survey method with a purposive sampling technique. Sampling was carried out at 5 stations with 5 times repetitions every 7 days. The water parameter analyzed are transparency, temperature, current, pH, DO, BOD, PO₄^2-,NO₃^–, Phytoplankton abundance, diversity index, and dominance index. Results showed that phytoplankton in the citarum river there were 24 genera divided into 4 phylum. Diversity index during the study reached between 0,91 – 0,99 and dominance index was in the range 0,01 – 0,2. Phytoplankton abundance ranges from 11 to 1292 ind/L. The highest genera phytoplankton composition at each station was found is Synedra as much as 1087 ind/ L. Nitrate content ranges from 0.13 – 0.33 mg/l and phosphate content range from 0.13 – 0.29 mg/l. The acquisition of R square value based on the simultaneous analysis of the relationship between nitrate and phosphate and the abundance of phytoplankton was 43,9% and 56,1% was influenced by other several factor namely temperature, water transparency, nutrient, and water flow.

Abstract

As a significant contributor of plastic waste to the marine environment, Indonesia is striving to construct a national strategy for reducing plastic debris. Hence, the primary aim of this study is to create a model for plastic waste quantity originating from the mainland, accumulated in estuaries. This was achieved by compiling baseline data of marine plastic disposal from the mainland via comprehensive contextualisation of data generated by remote sensing technology and spatial analysis. The parameters used in this study cover plastic waste generation, land cover, population distribution, and human activity identification. These parameters were then used to generate the plastic waste disposal index; that is, the distribution of waste from the mainland, flowing through the river, and ultimately accumulating in the estuary. The plastic waste distribution is calculated based on the weighting method and overlap analysis between land and coastal areas. The results indicate that 0.6% of Indonesia, including metropolitan cities, account for the highest generation of plastic waste. Indicating of plastic releases to the ocean applied by of developing three different scenarios with the highest estimation 11.94 tonnes on a daily basis in an urban area, intended as the baseline study for setting priority zone for plastic waste management.

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Abstract

Using a recursive-dynamic multiregional computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling approach, we introduced a set of sector-specific labour productivity shocks representing the effect of Industry 4.0 on the Indonesian economy. The results suggest that Indonesia’s long-term economic growth will increase from 5.2% per year to 5.7% per year. In terms of output expansion, the top gainer would be the machinery and motor vehicles sector, and to a lesser extent, finance, whereas low gainers include extractive and agricultural sectors and food processing industries. Region-wise, Java, the already advanced region, will be the primary beneficiary of the growth, while other islands will not benefit as much. There is not much risk of unfavourable distributional effect. However, agriculture workers will lose out compared with workers in other sectors, particularly those with intermediate skill levels.

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Abstract

Integrating climate actions and the SDGs poses some major governance-related challenges, in the forms of horizontal integration across different governmental agencies and vertical interactions among different levels of administrative decision making, while at the same time ensuring effective participation of relevant stakeholders in the policymaking processes. There is increasing recognition that vertical interactions can help bridge the gaps between global, national and local policy processes. In this respect, local and subnational authorities such as provinces and cities play crucial roles due to their potential for dynamic responses to climate change and sustainable development issues. The current study explores these issues and questions for West Java, a region of a country that is moving rapidly on its climate and SDG agenda. The study made use of a stakeholder consultation, which was conducted through an online questionnaire survey involving over 100 stakeholders, followed by an online focused group discussion (FGD) involving over 20 of the survey respondents. The stakeholder consultation aimed at eliciting the key challenges, synergies and trade-offs between climate actions and the SDGs, and involved IGES partnering with the Center for Sustainable Development Goals Studies (SDGs Center) at the University of Padjadjaran (UNPAD). This paper introduces the stakeholder consultation activity conducted in West Java, summarises the results and discusses the stakeholder perceptions on the interlinkages of climate actions and SDGs in the local context. The results from this paper can be used in analyses of the synergies and trade-offs between climate actions and the SDGs for West Java.

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Abstract

In developing countries like Indonesia, the challenge of providing electricity services is often about how to combine commercial and development objectives optimally. In this context, good knowledge of consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) and trade-offs among electricity service attributes is of strategic value, especially when achieving development objectives involve raising electricity tariffs to consumers. This study uses a discrete choice experiment (DCE) and two estimation methods, mixed logit (MXL) and latent class logit (LCL), in order to better understand the preferences of electricity customers. Specifically, the objective of the experiment is to understand how consumers balance the trade-off among four electricity service attributes: the duration of the outage, source of electricity generated, rural electrification ratio, and tariffs. The DCE survey was conducted in Bandung (Indonesia) with 1600 questionnaires were distributed. The analysis demonstrates that consumers are willing to pay for the proposed condition, away from status-quo. For example, using MXL method to reduce the outage duration to be 2 hours/year, the WTP is ranging from IDR5,000 (USD1.18) to IDR61,500 (USD14.49) per month, depending on the size of the installed capacity. While for the increase of rural electrification ratio to 100%, it ranges from IDR17,600 (USD4.15) to IDR215,000 (USD50.64) per month. The analysis emphasizes that there is significant heterogeneity in preferences for electricity service attributes.

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Abstract

The overall purpose of this study is to assess priorities for new environmental accounts in Indonesia. We use environmental costs related to air pollution and resource extraction in Indonesia as a measure for priority. This study uses the damage costs approach to estimate the environmental degradation costs value and the Net Present Value (NPV) approach to obtain the environmental cost of natural resources depletion of several natural resources that are most important for the Indonesian economy. Our estimate of the total environmental costs amounts to around 13% of GDP in 2010. Environmental costs are mostly due to depletion of energy and mineral resources, followed by environmental degradation cost from air pollution, and the use of forestry resources and related depletion of ecosystems. The Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) has already published damage costs data related to resource depletion, which we find is a priority. However, the BPS should consider completing its data with additional information on the depletion costs of ecosystem services related to forestry. Moreover, the BPS could expand Indonesia’s economic-environmental accounts by including environmental degradation costs due to air pollution. We found that from a substance perspective, the priorities are SOx, NOx, CO₂, CH₄, and particulate matter. At the same time, from a sector perspective, the priorities are electricity, manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys and first products thereof, mining of coal and lignite, and extraction of peat, because if the national accounts included the external costs of air pollution and the depletion of natural resources, these sectors would create a negative value-added.

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Abstract:

Despite the pandemic’s negative effect on the economy, it can help reduce emissions from energy consumption activities in line with the Paris Agreement, especially for high-emitter countries such as Indonesia. However, the policy response to COVID-19 may rebound the emissions to their pre-pandemic levels. To design an efficient policy that considers both economic and environmental variables, this study uses a computable general equilibrium model that assesses how COVID-19 and its stimulus policy will affect the macroeconomic indicator, energy consumption, and emissions at the national and regional levels. The results show that macroeconomic indicators generally performed worse with the current stimulus policy in the short run than in the long run. Refined petroleum energy consumption took the highest hit, followed by coal-based energy consumption and overall electricity demand. The pattern in emissions reduction is similar to the pattern of gross domestic product declination as well. The Sulawesi region particularly experienced the largest decrease in refined petroleum energy consumption. In contrast, the Java-Bali and Sumatra regions experienced the most coal-based energy consumption reduction and the largest emissions reduction. Should COVID-19 provide the impetus to develop more environmentally sound economic development, we would need better policy to address the recovery. Returning to pre-pandemic development will not lead to long-term environmental gain. This study offers policy recommendations for economic recovery and environmental improvement. The government should promote low-carbon technology, clean energy transition, more energy efficiency, and sustainable development to avoid the rebound effect of energy consumption and carbon emission. Coordination between central and local governments is also needed to formulate a fiscal policy inclined toward low-carbon pathways.

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The ocean, which regulates climate and supports vital ecosystem services, is crucial to our Earth system and livelihoods. Yet, it is threatened by anthropogenic pressures and climate change. A healthy ocean that supports a sustainable ocean economy requires adequate financing vehicles that generate, invest, align, and account for financial capital to achieve sustained ocean health and governance. However, the current finance gap is large; we identify key barriers to financing a sustainable ocean economy and suggest how to mitigate them, to incentivize the kind of public and private investments needed for topnotch science and management in support of a sustainable ocean economy.

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Using a recursive-dynamic multiregional computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling approach, we introduced a set of sector-specific labour productivity shocks representing the effect of Industry 4.0 on the Indonesian economy. The results suggest that Indonesia’s long-term economic growth will increase from 5.2% per year to 5.7% per year. In terms of output expansion, the top gainer would be the machinery and motor vehicles sector, and to a lesser extent, finance, whereas low gainers include extractive and agricultural sectors and food processing industries. Region-wise, Java, the already advanced region, will be the primary beneficiary of the growth, while other islands will not benefit as much. There is not much risk of unfavourable distributional effect. However, agriculture workers will lose out compared with workers in other sectors, particularly those with intermediate skill levels.

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This study aims to analyze the aspects of technical, social, and economic typologies of skipjack fisheries at Nizam Zachman oceanic fishing port, Jakarta. This research expected to provide information for decision-making in formulating policies in skipjack fisheries activities, thus they remain sustainable—this research conducted at Nizam Zachman oceanic fishing port, Jakarta from August 2019 to February 2020. The method used in this research is the survey method by interviewing the respondent through questionnaires for 100 respondents. The sampling method was done randomly, and the data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative. The social typology shows the orientation of Nizam Zachman as an industrial ocean fishing port is for commercial purposes. The main productive age level of fishers ranges from 35-39 years (33%) and the last education is a primary school (46%). Regarding the work experience, 38% had been fisher between 16-20 years. The technical typology shows the fishing gear that operated to catch skipjack at Nizam Zachman are purse seine, longline, also carrier vessel. In general, 74% of the size fleets were in 100-200 GT and the length of trips in 1-2 months (48%). The fishing ground area is in 572, 711 and 712 FMA. The economic typology shows skipjack production/trip by purse seine was 54%, longline (1%) and carrier vessel (57%).

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